Twenty-eight trained men completed supervised cycling training. Post-exercise and pre-sleep Veech Ketone Ester produced a larger improvement in 30-minute power and several skeletal-muscle adaptation measures versus control.

Eighteen recreational runners consumed 30g of VKE three times daily for 31 days or placebo. Cognitive flexibility and response inhibition improved, while 5-km time-trial performance did not significantly differ.

In 25 adults, VKE raised BHB to about 1.5 mM and preserved cognitive flexibility and selective attention under experimentally induced mental fatigue. VKE + caffeine produced larger effects on some reaction-time measures.

During an ultra-endurance run, the placebo group showed slower reaction and movement times. The VKE condition maintained performance on several psychocognitive measures and produced higher circulating dopamine during the event.

Ten well-trained cyclists completed a strenuous training day followed by overnight polysomnography. VKE improved sleep efficiency and counteracted the exercise-related decline in REM sleep and rise in wakefulness after sleep onset.

A low-dose VKE protocol was associated with higher ultrasound-derived intramuscular glycogen fuel scores during the final study period in college basketball players. This is a conference abstract, not a full peer-reviewed paper.

VKE reduced lactate and attenuated the decline in executive function after exhausting intermittent running. Shuttle-run time to exhaustion and 15-m sprint performance did not significantly improve.

During a three-week intensive cycling overload block, post-exercise and pre-sleep VKE increased sustainable training load in week 3 and improved final 30-minute power in a two-hour endurance test.

Fourteen healthy young adults completed randomized crossover conditions. KetoneAid-supplied VKE increased R-BHB rapidly and dose-dependently; the 10g VKE condition reached about 2.4 mM at 15 minutes.

Eleven male middle- and long-distance runners consumed VKE with or without carbohydrate. VKE without carbohydrate improved running economy by an average of 4.1% versus carbohydrate alone, while time to exhaustion did not significantly differ.

Fifteen normal-weight adults consumed a ketone ester or calorie-matched dextrose after an overnight fast. The ketone condition raised BHB to about 3.3 mM and significantly reduced ghrelin, hunger and desire to eat.

Eleven well-trained cyclists completed a simulated race in the heat. VKE reduced urine output and circulating NT-proANP by about 20%, while 15-minute time-trial performance was similar between conditions.

Fourteen highly trained cyclists completed prolonged exercise while simulated altitude progressively increased. VKE attenuated the drop in blood and muscle oxygenation by about 3%, but time-trial and sprint performance were unchanged.

During three weeks of endurance overload, VKE increased capillary contacts by 44% and the capillary-to-fibre exchange index by 42%, and increased circulating EPO by 26% versus control.

Nine healthy men completed exercise followed by recovery nutrition with or without VKE. Peak serum erythropoietin was significantly higher in the VKE condition.

Nine recreationally active men completed a mental-fatigue task followed by a simulated soccer match. A 25g VKE dose improved selected cognitive-performance measures during later exercise blocks.

Across five studies in 39 high-performance athletes, nutritional ketosis altered fuel selection during exercise. In the cycling time-trial protocol, the ketone-ester condition produced an approximately 2% improvement in distance covered.

Twelve trained male athletes completed glycogen-depleting exercise. Under a controlled high-glucose clamp, the VKE condition increased glucose uptake and produced higher muscle glycogen than the matched control condition.

Eight healthy trained men completed glycogen-depleting exercise followed by carbohydrate and protein recovery. VKE increased mTORC1 signaling and lowered AMPK phosphorylation more rapidly, but did not add to muscle glycogen resynthesis.

In the acute bolus experiment with healthy young adults, calorie-matched glucose and VKE produced opposite effects on functional brain-network stability: glucose destabilized networks while the ketone ester stabilized them.

Human pharmacokinetic experiments compared ketone ester and ketone-salt drinks and established major differences in D-BHB exposure, D- versus L-BHB handling, food effects and repeat-dose behavior.